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Not being able to actively beat the market has been known since about 1973:

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Random_Walk_Down_Wall_Street

Bogle started Vanguard in 1975:

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fund#Origins




"Known", yes, though probably not widely so. As I understand it, passive investing was generally considered a bad or at least risky idea at the time Vanguard was created.




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