Fines, usually. Enforcement without your consent, at your cost, is an option. They could sue you. They can place a lien against your property. Some could have you evicted.
HOA's are the worst way of making sure people don't treat their property like shit. Better ways include: fostering a sense of community. Communicating with your neighbors. And finally, minding your own damned business.
> fostering a sense of community. Communicating with your neighbors
Look, I loathe HOA's as much as the next person but this doesn't pass the Chesterton's Fence test. If your alternative doesn't handle the case of an uncooperative antagonistic neighbor then it won't at all be persuasive to someone is pro-HOA. "Just stop caring about the problem that HOA's were established to solve" only sounds good to people who arlready agree with you.
Sure, the "And finally, minding your own damned business" was probably aimed at the pro-HOA. Honestly, if there's a problem you can't work out with a neighbor, and you don't have a legal basis for demanding anything, then put up with it.
If the homeowner having rights is a problem, I suppose an HOA solves for that, otherwise I don't understand why the pro-HOA view need to be privileged at all.
HOA's are the worst way of making sure people don't treat their property like shit. Better ways include: fostering a sense of community. Communicating with your neighbors. And finally, minding your own damned business.