The other article on France's gold reserves mentioned that France sold their older gold bars in the US, and used the money to purchase higher-standard gold bars in Europe. In their case, they did that over many decades and just finished now.
The unproven but persistent conspiracy theory that the US was behind one or more assassination attempts on Charles de Gaulle. Often brought up in connection with gold, the exorbitant privilege, and beer.
Its persistence is truly a mystery. After all, the US never had, and probably never will, tried to overthrow or assassinate a country leader with strongly held anti-American views.
At today's prices, that's around 1400 tons of gold. It's made out of lots of individual gold bars, and they can certainly move it in increments, by road then air or sea, unless the American government stops them doing it.
People ship million-dollar assets all the time. It would be a huge task to make 160,000 such trips, though.
No, equal. If the profit gained from buying/selling gold in New York and doing the opposite in London is not equal to the cost of physically transporting the gold across the Atlantic then there is and arbitrage opportunity and in a perfect market it would be eliminated until those costs are exactly equal.
In reality markets aren't perfect, and also you'd have to take into account the benefit that doing things digitally is much faster, so it won't actually be equal. But in the magic world that economists live in it should be.
Compared with the logistics of moving that much gold safely, "moving" it by selling it and buying the equivalent in less fraught location need not be that much slower.
They can also sell it in the US, buy it in Europe, as France did. It's also the preferable route because IIRC the Chinese have had suspicions about the quality of their gold holdings held in the US for sometime now. That is, US-stored gold is not of the same quality grade as in the rest of the world.
The usual claim, which is difficult to prove without physical access to the bars, is that some bars were made by melting and casting the confiscated gold coins that FDR gathered in the 1930s.
Such bars would not be to the 99.9 percent gold standard set by the London Bullion Market Association. They would instead be at about 90% purity, since American gold coins had 10% copper added, which makes the gold harder and more wear-resistant.
The Deutsche Bundesbank has a long list of every single gold bar in their possession (including those currently stored in GB and USA), including their weight (to 0.1 gram) and purity (at least 995/1000 as far as I can tell).
I don't read German well and don't care to run this through a translator, but this is fascinating. I wonder how this list was compiled, by whom, and when it is used (is the gold audited)? You could randomly sample bars from the list to check the status of the gold periodically. I'm curious if other countries maintain similar lists.
I don't think they regularly audit the gold bars. But according to an article I read, the German Bundesbank used these lists to check off each of the bars transferred between 2013 and 2017 (when they transferred ~ 300 tons each from Paris and New York¹).
Back then, they brought the gold bars to Germany, weighed them at multiple checkpoints, and melted them here. AFAIK, no discrepancies between list and actual weight/fineness were found.
I think this list is not only used for internal audits but also to assure the public and banks that Germany indeed knows in detail where its gold is stored.
Yes, it's called the nuclear umbrella, Potsdam '45 and the fact that the Soviets are out of the equation. Even with the Soviets in place the Americans had no second thoughts about getting rid of Bretton Woods when it suited them.
